CNBC

CNBC is an award winning, nationally recognized, partisan-left leaning American basic cable, internet and satellite business news television channel that is owned by NBCUniversal News Group, a division of NBCUniversal, owned by Comcast. Headquartered in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,[3] the network primarily carries business day coverage of U.S. and international financial markets; following the end of the business day and on non-trading days, CNBC primarily carries financial and business-themed documentaries and reality shows. Originally established on April 17, 1989 by a joint venture between NBC and Cablevision as the Consumer News and Business Channel,[4] the network later acquired its main competitor, the Financial News Network, in 1991—a move which expanded both its distribution and its workforce, and Cablevision sold its stake to NBC, giving it sole ownership. As of February 2015, CNBC is available to approximately 93,623,000 pay television households (80.4% of households with television) in the United States.[5] In 2007, the network was ranked as the 19th most valuable cable channel in the United States, worth roughly $4 billion.[6]

In addition to the domestic U.S. feed, various localized versions of CNBC also operate, serving different regions and countries. NBCUniversal is the owner, or a minority stakeholder, in many of these versions.[7][8]

History[edit]

The newsroom at CNBC headquarters, also used to host Power Lunch

CNBC had its beginnings around 1980 as the Satellite Program Network (SPN), showing a low-budget mix of old movies, instructional and entertainment programs. The channel later changed its name to Tempo Television. After initially signing a letter of intent to acquire Tempo,[9] NBC eventually opted for a deal to lease the channel's transponder in June 1988.[10] On this platform, and under the guidance of Tom Rogers, the channel was relaunched on April 17, 1989 as the Consumer News and Business Channel. NBC and Cablevision initially operated CNBC as a 50-50 joint venture,[11] choosing to headquarter the channel in Fort Lee, New Jersey.

CNBC had considerable difficulty getting cable carriage at first, as many providers were skeptical of placing it alongside the longer-established Financial News Network. By the winter of 1990, CNBC was only in 17 million homes – less than half of FNN's potential reach – despite having the muscle of NBC standing behind it.[12]

However, around this time, FNN encountered serious financial difficulties. After a protracted bidding war with a Dow Jones-Westinghouse Broadcasting consortium (the former's assets would be used to build a rival channel almost two decades later),[12] CNBC acquired FNN for $154.3 million on May 21, 1991 and immediately merged the two operations, hiring around 60 of FNN's 300-strong workforce.[13] The deal increased the distribution of the newly enlarged network to over 40 million homes.[13] Cablevision sold its 50% stake to NBC upon completion of the deal.[14] With the full name "Consumer News and Business Channel" dropped, the network's business programming was at first branded "CNBC/FNN," although this was phased out before the mid-1990s.

Under Rogers' leadership, CNBC began to grow during the 1990s, launching Asian and European versions of the channel in 1995 and 1996 respectively.[15] In 1997, CNBC formed a strategic alliance with Dow Jones, including content sharing with Dow Jones Newswires and The Wall Street Journal and the rebranding of the channel as "a service of NBC and Dow Jones".[16] CNBC's international channels were then merged into a 50-50 joint venture with their Dow Jones-owned rivals, London-based EBN (European Business News) and Singapore-based ABN (Asia Business News) in 1998,[17] while ratings grew on the U.S. channel until the new millennium's dot-com bubble burst in 2000.[18]

Englewood Cliffs headquarters

The new millennium also brought changes to the network in 2003, moving its world headquarters from 2200 Fletcher Avenue, Fort Lee to 900 Sylvan Avenue (Route 9W) in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, which features completely digital video production and studios made by PDG Ltd of Beeston, Nottinghamshire and the FX Group of Ocoee, Florida.

NBC Universal reacquired full control of loss-making CNBC Europe and CNBC Asia from Dow Jones at the end of 2005. The licensing agreement between Dow and CNBC U.S. remained intact, however.[19]

Today, CNBC provides business news programming from 4 a.m. to 7 p.m., Eastern Time, while broadcasting talk shows, investigative reports, documentaries, infomercials, and other programs during the evening and early morning. A rolling ticker provides real-time updates on share prices on the NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX, as well as market indices, news summaries, and weather updates by NBC meteorologists (prior to March 27, 2006, all of CNBC's weather reports were provided by AccuWeather). A rotating top band of the screen rotates provides real-time updates on index and commodity prices from world markets.

On October 13, 2014 - coincidentally the 11th anniversary of CNBC's relocation to its current facilities in Englewood Cliffs, NJ - CNBC switched to a full 16:9 letterbox presentation, in line with its Asian and European siblings (see "On-air presentation" below for more information). As of January 4, 2016, the network's 480i standard definition feed now shows the same 16:9 HD feed on its 4:3 picture, due to the application of the AFD #10 flag.

Programming[edit]

See also: Category:CNBC programs

Current shows[edit]

CNBC provides a variety of programs throughout the business day. Live programming is broadcast on weekdays from 4am until 7pm and provides reports on U.S. businesses, updates of stock market indices and commodities prices, interviews with CEOs and business leaders, and commentary from many investment professionals. The following is the usual weekday "business day" (term used by CNBC hosts and announcers) lineup (as of May 2017, all times Eastern):[20]

A Squawk Box outside broadcast, hosted by Rebecca Quick

The Kudlow Report set in 2011

Street Signs: Carolin Roth (produced by CNBC Europe)

Worldwide Exchange: Wilfred Frost and Sara Eisen

Squawk Box: Joe Kernen, Rebecca Quick and Andrew Ross Sorkin

Squawk on the Street: Carl Quintanilla, David Faber, Jim Cramer and Sara Eisen

Squawk Alley: Carl Quintanilla and Jon Fortt

Fast Money Halftime Report: Scott Wapner

Power Lunch: Michelle Caruso-Cabrera, Melissa Lee, Tyler Mathisen, and Brian Sullivan

Closing Bell: Kelly Evans and Bill Griffeth

Fast Money: Melissa Lee (host), Pete Najarian, Guy Adami, Tim Seymour and Karen Finerman (panelists)

Options Action: Melissa Lee (host), seen on Fridays only

Mad Money: Jim Cramer

CNBC Prime

The newsroom at CNBC's New Jersey headquarters

On September 17, 2007, the network has also run hourly CNBC.com News Now update segments during business day programming. These short bulletins, which are around 30 seconds in length (similar to ESPN's SportsCenter Right Now), air before the start of the network's programs from Squawk on the Street through The Kudlow Report. The CNBC.com News Now update segments were discontinued as of early 2010. These bulletins were reintroduced in 2015. They are aired hourly, on the half-hour between 10.30am and 4.30pm. The bulletins are read by Sue Herera.

Primetime and Weekend Business Programming[edit]

CNBC's breakout hit among its original series is Mad Money. Hosted by money manager Jim Cramer, the hour-long show gives stock advice to viewers who call to the program. The show also has a popular segment called "The Lightning Round". In August 2007, Cramer's on-air tirade about the weakening economy, which was seen during the "Stop Trading" segment on Street Signs, received national attention and helped galvanize widespread support for the Federal Reserve Board to cut interest rates.

On January 24, 2007, the network launched a long-anticipated monthly newsmagazine called Business Nation, which is anchored by award-winning journalist David Faber. Each edition of the program covers three stories; a mixture of profiles, investigative pieces and features. The format of the show is structured similarly to HBO's Real Sports.[21]

Other special or weekend programming includes CNBC on Assignment (for example, The Age of Wal-Mart), Cover to Cover, The Suze Orman Show and On the Money. Documentaries featured as part of its CNBC Originals slate have included Marijuana Inc: Inside America's Pot Industry (2009),[22] Trash Inc: The Secret Life of Garbage (2010), Supermarkets Inc: Inside a $500 Billion Money Machine (2011),[23] Customer (Dis)Service (2012), UPS/FedEX: Inside the Package Wars (2012),[24] and Love @ First Byte: The Secret Science of Online Dating (2012).[25]

In May 2010, CNBC announced that it would be adding business and financial-themed movies to its Friday night lineup under the name "CNBC Cinema."[26]

In the fall of 2011, CNBC began to brand its primetime lineup under the title CNBC Smart. Continuing its focus on documentaries focusing on business, CNBC marketed Smart as "the place where the who's who comes to learn the what's what."[27]

CNBC Prime[edit]

On March 5, 2013, CNBC rebranded its primetime lineup once again as CNBC Prime, a move first announced on January 7 of the same year.[28] Hoping to attract a more mainstream audience, the Prime block introduced business-themed reality series to the lineup with the series premieres of The Car Chasers and Treasure Detectives. CNBC planned to launch at least eight new series through the Prime block throughout 2013.[29] Among the original reality programs airing on CNBC Prime include American Greed, Restaurant Startup, Blue Collar Millionaires, Jay Leno's Garage, The Profit, West Texas Investors Club and Secret Lives of the Super Rich. Since early 2014, all instances of CNBC Prime have started utilizing the standard CNBC name and logo, in order to expand its consistency across its primetime lineup, along with a tagline tailored specifically for the lineup, Make It. (as of August 2016, this tagline is no longer used on TV but is still used as a separate portal on CNBC's website and social media for Prime content and business and money strategies). By April of the same year, its lineup was billed as "The Fastest Growing Cable Network in Prime Time."[30]

In 2016, CNBC announced two new reality series including Cleveland Hustles and a spin-off of The Profit titled The Partner.[31] Also on August of the same year, as part of the 2016 Summer Olympics, CNBC introduced a new graphic set and a new tagline for its primetime lineup, Get Yours, all created by graphic designer Ramona Todoca and design agency Droga5 of New York.[32]

Non-business programming[edit]

CNBC has experimented with non-business programming during primetime hours with a mixed record of success, including a talk show hosted by Dennis Miller. The channel has at times rebroadcast several NBC programs, including Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Deal or No Deal, The Apprentice, The Apprentice: Martha Stewart, and 1 vs. 100.

CNBC has occasionally served as an overflow outlet for NBC Sports programming; beginning in 2000, CNBC has carried portions of NBC's coverage of the Olympic Games outside of business day hours. The frequent delegation of curling coverage to CNBC during the 2010 Winter Olympics helped the sport gain a cult following among the business community.[33][34] In 2001, CNBC began a four-year deal to televise events from the Senior PGA Tour, either live or tape delayed, with early-round coverage broadcast on cable feeds of Pax. CNBC president Bill Bolster stated that the decision was meant to help reduce CNBC's reliance on paid programming on weekends. PGA Tour commissioner Tim Finchem also felt that golf and business audiences were "extremely compatible" with each other.[33]

Since the 2011-12 season, CNBC has shown coverage of the National Hockey League's Stanley Cup Playoffs, produced as part of the NHL on NBC package.[35] CNBC has also participated in NBC's Championship Sunday effort to broadcast all matches on the final day of the Premier League soccer season.[36] In 2016, CNBC broadcast several NASCAR races (as part of the NASCAR on NBC package) due to scheduling conflicts with NBC, NBCSN. and USA Network during the 2016 Summer Olympics.[37]

Until 2017, CNBC also participated in USA Network's coverage of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.[38]

re also distributed through Yahoo! Finance[68] and, as of May 2008, AOL Money & Finance.[69]

The network's live market prices, economic data and other statistics are largely provided by Thomson Reuters (Reuters and Thomson Financial prior to their 2008 merger).[70] Since September 2006,[71] CNBC has operated its own stock market index in conjunction with London's FTSE Group. The FTSE CNBC Global 300 includes the fifteen largest companies from each of the sectors of the Industry Classification Benchmark as well as the thirty largest companies from emerging markets.[71] Calculated continuously from 9 p.m. through to 4:10 p.m. ET each trading day,[71] the index is referenced throughout the network's live programming, particularly on Worldwide Exchange.

The channel also maintains the "CNBC Investor Network", a series of webcam connections to the trading rooms of various independent financial institutions across the United States. The scheme was launched on October 22, 2007 and allows participating traders and strategists to appear on the network during the business day.[72]

On December 14, 2010, CNBC and CarryQuote announced a development and marketing collaboration that resulted in the release of CNBC PRO, a mobile and desktop financial application for individual investors.[73] CNBC PRO provides its subscribers with real-time financial data from more than 100 stock exchanges worldwide, plus CNBC news and streaming video.[74]

International channels[edit]

CNBC Europe's headquarters in Fleet Place, London

CNBC Asia's headquarters in International Plaza, Singapore

Main article: List of CNBC channels

CNBC has operated international versions of the channel since 1995, when CNBC Asia originally launched. CNBC Europe followed in 1996. On December 9, 1997, Dow Jones & Company and NBC announced the merger of their international business news channels. This resulted in a merger of CNBC Europe with Dow Jones' European Business News, and likewise of CNBC Asia with Asia Business News. From then (until January 2006) the international CNBC services carried the tagline "A Service of NBC (Universal) and Dow Jones" (or depending on other local partners, a variation of this tagline). Correspondents from Dow Jones Newswires contribute to the channels. CNBC Europe is headquartered in London, and CNBC Asia is headquartered in Singapore. On December 31, 2005, the sale by Dow Jones of its interests in the international CNBC channels took effect. On January 1, 2006, the "A Service of NBC Universal and Dow Jones" tagline was removed from the international CNBC channels, in line with this. In 2007, CNBC Asia dropped the word "Asia" from its channel idents; on September 30, 2008, CNBC Europe similarly dropped the word "Europe" from its logo. This means the three major CNBC channels – U.S., Europe, and Asia – are all known on-screen as simply CNBC.

Besides CNBC Europe and CNBC Asia, the network also operates a number of local business news channels in association with other companies. These channels include Class CNBC in Italy, CNBC-e in Turkey, CNBC Arabiya in the UAE, Nikkei CNBC in Japan, CNBC-TV18 and CNBC Awaaz in India, CNBC Pakistan and Samaa TV in Pakistan and TVN CNBC in Poland.

CNBC Europe and CNBC Asia are rebranded in some parts of the world with tickers containing local financial information. Examples include CNBC Nordic, CNBC Singapore, CNBC Hong Kong and CNBC Australia (CNBC Australia and Singapore also produce five-minute updates at 12:55 p.m., 5:55 p.m. and 9:55 p.m. for free-to-air network, SBS TV).

In North America, CNBC World airs business programming from CNBC Europe and CNBC Asia, as well as weekly magazine programs provided by CNBC-TV18 and the United Nations.

In Central America and the Caribbean, CNBC Latin America retransmits live programs from CNBC and CNBC World.

In Canada, CNBC can be seen with most of the programming identical to the U.S. counterpart. However, due to Canadian programming rights, the 9 p.m. slot which had shown television programming in the past such as Deal or No Deal, The Apprentice, 1 vs. 100 and Heads Up Poker, as well as any and all Olympic Games coverage that the channel continues to carry, are replaced by CNBC World programming. However, documentaries are shown in Canada. This had the making of a major problem, as a highlight episode of The Apprentice 5 that aired April 23, 2006, was assumed to not be available anywhere for Canadians due to these blackouts. While the first airing at 9:00 p.m. ET was blacked out, the second airing at midnight ET was accidentally shown. Blackouts on episodes that originally air on NBC and Global are likely to continue. However, occasionally, the television shows are shown and are not blacked out, possibly due to a mistake in transmission.

CNBC's most recent international spinoff is CNBC Africa. With roughly $600 million spent on advertising in South Africa alone, the network sees great potential in grabbing a potential share of that pot. Initially, CNBC Africa has bureaus in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa and produces nine hours of local programming per business day. The network was launched on June 1, 2007.[75]

The launch of the Korean language channel SBS-CNBC in January 2010 marked the fifteenth CNBC-branded channel worldwide.[76]

In January 10, 2016, CNBC and Trans Media announced a strategic partnership that will see the creation of the Indonesian language channel CNBC Indonesia.[77]

CNBC Pakistan headquarters at night

CNBC Awaaz News Van

TVN CNBC Biznes interview

CNBC Arabiya headquarters

CNBC.com[edit]

CNBC.com is the companion website to the financial network. It was launched in 1996 with minimal content, other than showing program grids, host biographies and basic network images (on the internet, business news then was handled by msnbc.com, which later became NBCNews.com). The site gradually progressed alongside internet technology, giving investors more useful information such as stock quotes, news bulletins, in-depth programming information and a whole host of other data.

In August 2001, CNBC.com merged with MSN's Moneycentral.com, creating "CNBC on MSN." This new partnership allowed the two parties to meet two objectives:

provide richer content to visitors, with expanded news offerings, a wider array of stock tools (including interactive charting, free online portfolio managers) plus more in-depth market coverage and

more effectively compete with other finance related websites, such as Marketwatch.com, AOL Finance and Yahoo! Finance.

During this period, the editorial content on the CNBC.com site was controlled by Microsoft Corporation. CNBC.com officially ended its relationship with MSN in mid-November 2006.[78]

CNBC.com was relaunched on December 4, 2006. The website provides new online tools for investors and better integration of the website with daytime programming. Some of the new features include:

exclusive online interviews (the first being with Chicago Fed President Michael Moskow)

live market updates from CNBC personalities three times per day during the trading day (discontinuing the "Market in a Minute" updates in June 2007)

a streaming desktop ticker, real-time data and the network's "tick-by-tick" charts (for major indices)

themed blogs by various correspondents (i.e., "Tech Check" with tech reporter Jim Goldman)

unedited, full-length interviews from CNBC specials or other on-air interviews

free video of recent on-air segments, interviews, features etc.

an exclusive "CNBC.com" set built at CNBC's U.S. headquarters from which the market update segments (among other things) are taped

blogging from on-air personalities about the various "goings-on" within the network

an original show to air exclusively online with Maria Bartiromo, Bill Griffeth and Joe Kernen (yet to debut)[79]

top-of-the-hour summary of business news entitled CNBC.com News Now which is also seen during the trading day on CNBC TV.

original special reports including their annual 'America's Top States for Business'[80] special and 2012's 'Fiscal Cliff: America's Looming Economic Crisis'[81]

Content on the new website is edited 24 hours a day during the business week. CNBC U.S. updates the content from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET, CNBC Asia then takes over from 7 p.m. to 2 a.m., and CNBC Europe handles the remaining four hours.

In August 2012, CNBC.com attracted 6.9 million unique visitors, according to comScore Media Metrix. Its iPad app recorded 547,000 unique visitors and its iPhone app attracted 551,000 unique visitors.[82]

CNBCplus[edit]

CNBC's current control room

CNBC's SNG

"CNBCplus"[1] was a subscription-based service (similar to the now-defunct CNN Pipeline) which allowed users to have 24-hour, commercial-free access to three individual CNBC feeds – CNBC U.S., CNBC Europe and CNBC Asia – along with access to an archive of over 100,000 VOD clips, updated with up to 200 clips daily. It also offered a search feature allowing the user to find video clips using keywords. The CNBCplus service was replaced by CNBC PRO.

CNBC Pro[edit]

On December 14, 2010, CNBC and CarryQuote announced a development and marketing collaboration that resulted in the release of CNBC PRO, a mobile and desktop financial application for individual investors.[73]

CNBC Pro provides its subscribers with real-time financial data from more than 100 stock exchanges worldwide, plus CNBC news and streaming video.[74] For the introductory price of $24.99 per month, or $269 per year, a user can access this information from his or her computer or BlackBerry, with access from iPhone, iPad, and Android to follow in 2011.[83] In December 2010, CNBC migrated its 16,000 users of CNBCplus to CNBC PRO.

High definition[edit]

CNBC HD showing the additional green sidebar (right) showing additional market statistics, while the main show appears on the left. This format was used from its launch on October 10, 2007 through October 10, 2014. The screenshot above was taken during Closing Bell on April 9, 2014.

CNBC HD (formerly CNBC HD+) is a 1080i high-definition enhanced simulcast of CNBC, that was launched on October 10, 2007. The channel used a modified screen format during trading-day programming, which shifted the existing 4:3 feed to the left of the screen to add a sidebar on the right side of the screen (which contained additional market statistics and a window showing video content from CNBC.com, whose audio was carried on SAP until 2011, when the service seemed to be discontinued; silent video promos for upcoming and primetime programming were aired in the window), and a wider version of the ticker. Primetime programming is shown in full-screen 16:9 and usually produced in HD.

On May 30, 2012, the right sidebar graphic was changed to show headlines (business news and otherwise), upcoming corporate earnings releases, upcoming economy data, easier-to-read charts, market stats and what's coming up on the program that is being aired. On May 7, 2013, the CNBC HD ticker grew in size to match its standard-definition counterpart. The five "flippers" on the top were dropped to four, with the fourth one (on the upper right-hand corner of the screen) displaying the times of day in each global time zone (Eastern, Central, Pacific, London, Dubai, Singapore). On July 25, 2013, the right sidebar graphic was changed again, this time to show slightly larger displays (including charts).

On October 13, 2014, CNBC HD was relaunched, due to the aforementioned network-wide switch to a full-screen 16:9 presentation. The sidebar graphic was permanently removed as well (having started with Mad Money on August 4 of the same year and before that, during commercial breaks), which in turn, led to all other live shows being presented in full-screen 16:9 and therefore, eliminating the enhanced format altogether.

DirecTV was the first provider to introduce CNBC HD, with various others eventually taking suit (all of the providers have the HD feed as of the Oct. 13, 2014 redesign).[84]

Airport "stores" or "bureaus"[edit]

CNBC News in Philadelphia International Airport

CNBC holds stores (can be called bureaus) called "CNBC News" in many airports across the United States. Since 2001, CNBC has been in a licensing arrangement with The Paradies Shops to open these stores,[85] which sell limited CNBC merchandise, along with newspapers, magazines and a small selection of snacks and drinks. Locations include:

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Baltimore, Maryland (BWI Airport)

Columbus, Ohio (Port Columbus)

Detroit, Michigan

Fort Myers, Florida

Houston, Texas (Bush Intercontinental)

Kansas City, Missouri

McAllen, Texas[86][87]

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Moline, Illinois

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Phoenix, Arizona

Providence, Rhode Island

Salt Lake City, Utah

San Francisco, California

Raleigh-Durham International Airport

Tulsa, Oklahoma

Criticism[edit]

See also: Jon Stewart's 2009 criticism of CNBC

CNBC has been criticized for allegedly amplifying bull and bear markets, particularly in the run-up to the Dot-com bubble and the subprime crisis.[88][89] In response to these criticisms, CNBC anchors have pointed to the size of the market and noted that influencing it is "a little out of our reach."[88]

Jon Stewart on Comedy Central's The Daily Show has been a vocal critic of CNBC and some of its personalities, beginning after comments were made by Rick Santelli.[90][91] Despite the lack of direct comments by the network, several personalities have defended their predictions and comments.[92][93]

CNBC was accused by the Obama administration of "cable chatter"—the excessive and sometimes brutal discussion on a particular topic, often one-sided.[94][95]

Jim Cramer's stock picks on his CNBC show Mad Money were found by Barron's magazine in 2007 to have underperformed the S&P 500 stock index over the previous two years. Barron's stated that "his picks haven't beaten the market. Over the past two years, viewers holding Cramer's stocks would be up 12% while the Dow rose 22% and the S&P 500 16%." CNBC disputed the magazine's findings.[96]

CNBC was criticized for restricting public access to the third Republican Presidential Debate aired on October 28, 2015, by refusing to temporarily suspend their TV Everywhere authentication system to allow all viewers to stream the event.[97] The network also received bipartisan criticism for its performance hosting the debate. Along with a poorly planned format (at one point when asked how it was determined who would follow up, Becky Quick admitted there was no method other than the moderators' discretion), the hosts were accused of being snarky with the candidates, asking insulting or pointless questions, using incorrect or unchecked facts, and inserting themselves into the debate rather than simply moderating.[98] Host John Harwood received the brunt of the criticism for his line of questioning (for example, he started the debate by asking Donald Trump if his campaign was a comic book and later compared his ideas to a bird flying away) and use of incorrect facts (he used incorrect numbers when discussing Marco Rubio's tax plan, which Rubio had to correct him on and even pointed out that Harwood had recently written an article on the same topic and had to correct it then as well).[99] Some deemed CNBC as the main "loser" of debate for allowing the candidates to unify against them and for solidifying claims of anti-conservative bias from the mainstream media.[100] Citing the need to prevent a repeat of the event, the Republican National Committee revoked tentative plans for a future debate on NBC itself with NBC News, and the network did not carry any Republican debates during the 2016 primary campaign.[101]

Tea Party movement (2009)[edit]

In what was described by CNBC as a "rant"[102][103] delivered from the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, CNBC correspondent Rick Santelli reinvented the term "tea party", and a national protest movement, known as the Tea Party movement, followed amid much media attention.[104]